Authore : Ade Suyitno Alamat : Bandung, Jawa BaratPosted : 25/06/2013
No. Peserta: 009AB/
PCIM RUSIA 2013 - International Article
Islamic Entrepreneurship Education : Actualization of The Prophet’s Entrepreneurship in The Pillar of Education on Islamic Organizations
Islam as the religion which is full of grace or it is well-known as
rahmatan lilalamin,
will lead the mankind to the gate of happiness in the world and in the
afterlife. It is proved by the role of Islam in developing mankind
civilization which is well-mannered, knowledgeable, and independent,
which was started by the struggle of the Prophet. From day by day, Islam
has been facing degradation and underdeveloped situation in many
aspects because of the development of western countries. Poverty and
unemployment are the most obvious things which can be seen in all over
the world with the majority of Moslems. Based on the report of ILO
Global Employment Trends 2012, the number of unemployment in the
countries which belong to OKI is 9,4%, beyond the average of world’s
employment which is 6,8%, and developed countries which is 6,3%.
Besides, not less than 27,2% of Moslems in all over the world (352
million Moslems) have income under USD 1,25/day/capita, or about IDR
12.125/day/capita. Almost 10% of the percentage is in Indonesia.
Indonesia, as the biggest Muslim country shows high rate of poverty and unemployment. Based on the source of
Biro Pusat Statistik (BPS)
and the World Bank’s data, Indonesia is one of Muslim countries, which
is impoverished. The data of BPS reveal the number of indigent people
Indonesia in 2012 is 29,88 million people. While the data coming from
the World Bank reveal more number which is 102,45 million people. (VOA,
02/03/2013).
The difference of number occurs because the World Bank has more high
indicators than the BPS does. However, the number is still high and it
causes negative impact which is the increase of criminal rate, beggar
and unemployment, this situation later will cause the circle of poverty.
And then, the data of unemployment based on educational indicator in
BPS reveal high number, 6,32% out of the total number of Indonesian
people. This data of unemployment are quite high. This situation needs
to be handled intensively and seriously, because it involves a number of
people’s welfare. The complete data as follow:
Tabel 1. The level of open unemployment of citizen in
age of 15 and above based on the highest education achieved in 2010 to
2012 (%)
Education Level
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
February
|
August
|
February
|
August
|
February
|
| Elementary and below |
3.71
|
3.81
|
3.37
|
3.56
|
3.69
|
| Junior High School |
7.55
|
7.45
|
7.83
|
8.37
|
7.80
|
| Senior High School |
11.90
|
11.90
|
12.17
|
10.66
|
10.43
|
| Vocational School |
13.81
|
11.87
|
10.00
|
10.43
|
9.51
|
| Diploma I/II/III |
15.71
|
12.78
|
11.59
|
7.16
|
7.50
|
| University |
14.24
|
11.92
|
9.95
|
8.02
|
6.95
|
Total
|
7.41
|
7.14
|
6.80
|
6.56
|
6.32
|
Source:
Badan Pusat Statistik 2012
Although the data of poverty and unemployment decrease, however the
number is still high and the phase of decrease is too slow, therefore
this situation has to be reduced especially in young unemployment. Many
ways have been done by the government, private sectors, or even the
people themselves. As we know, to solve this problem takes time and long
process. Socio-economic problem is still happening in Muslim countries,
including Indonesia. According to Azyumardi Azra, an intellectual
Muslim, those two problems are able to influence people’s religion in
activity and faith. (Replubika, 23/11/2012)
The solution which has been developed by the government to solve
unemployment is developing new entrepreneur in Indonesia. It is also in
line with the recent international study about the role of
entrepreneurship as the motor of economy. Zahra (1999:39) argues that
the development of entrepreneurship has been considered as one of main
factors to develop socio-economy sector because it opens million job
opportunities, offers varied goods and services, and generally increases
national welfare and competitiveness.
Based on the data of State Minister for Cooperatives Small and Medium
Enterprises 2012, out of more than 230 million people in Indonesia,
only 1,56% becomes entrepreneur. Ideally, there should be 2% of
entrepreneur out of the total number of people in a country. The
percentage of entrepreneur in Indonesia is low, even it is not the ideal
percentage, whereas, in developed countries such as America, Singapore,
and England the percentage of entrepreneur is above 10% out of the
total number of people. The entrepreneurs become the motor of economy,
which are creative, innovative, and brave to take risks. An entrepreneur
will optimize every source to be a valuable product.
Indonesia will be The Next Emerging Country with strong economics in
the future. Based on IMF Standard Chartered Research 2010, Indonesia’s
economics pojection PDB/capita in 2020 will be in the top 10 along with
3,2 trn USD and in 2030 will be in the top 5 along with 9,3 trn USD with
China, US, India and Brazil. Because of the increase of PDB, the role
of Indonesia also increases in international affairs and contributes to
solve global economy crisis. Other potentials of Indonesia are abundant
natural resources, human resources and stability of economics and then
the number of young generation in the age 14-20 is the most, 64 million
people. The demography can be used beneficially as the right time to
grow.
Therefore, a strategic way is needed to establish human resources
which are independent by having entrepreneurial the Prophet’s character
which will enhance quality of natural resources in Indonesia well. Based
on the explanations above, the writer is interested in the study of
“Islamic Entrepreneurship Education (I’m Edu Program): Actualization of
the Prophet’s Entrepreneurship as the Pillar of Education on Islamic
Organizations towards Indonesia as the Emerging Country.
Islamic and Entrepreneurship
Islam categorizes entrepreneurship and trade into
mu’amalah
meaning that the issues are related to horizontal relationship among
humans which will be responsibly adjudicated in the afterlife. Mankind
is mandated to prosper the earth and lead it to the right directions
also to strive in earning and making a living. The Holy Qur’an cited the
entrepreneurial spirit in the verses as follow:
QS.Al-Mulk:15, meaning:
“He it is Who has made the earth subservient to you (i.e. easy for
you to walk, to live and to do agriculture on it); so walk in the path
thereof and eat of His provision. And to Him will be the Resurrection.
”
QS. Al-Baqarah: 275 meaning:
“…..trading is only like Ribâ (usury), whereas Allâh has permitted trading and forbidden Ribâ (usury).”
Islam encourages its people to be an entrepreneur. There are a number of verses or
hadiths which encourage Muslims to be an entrepreneur, such as the importance of trading which is stated in a
hadith:
“Beheld trading by all of, in trading there 9 out of 10 doors that will lead to the welfare.(HR. Ahmad). And then, the Prophet had ever been asked by his followers
: ”What is the best occupation?”He answered“a people works with his hand in trading and honest.”(HR. Al Bazzar). Therefore, “..
Then
when the (Jumu’ah) Salât (prayer) is ended, you may disperse through
the land, and seek the Bounty of Allâh (by working, etc.), and remember
Allâh much: that you may be successful.” (QS. al-Jumu’ah: 10).
The concept of entrepreneur had been taught by the Prophet, long time
ago before he became the Prophet. The Prophet started his business when
he was 12 years old by buying goods from the market and selling them to
other people in order to get profits. Together with his uncle, the
Prophet had a business trip to Syria. His business had been growing fast
until he met Khadijah a offered a partnership by employing profit
sharing system. During the partnership, the Prophet had a business trip
to the center of business in Hbasyah, Syria, and Jorash. (Ermawati,
2006:164)
Antonio (2007:80) in his book presents the analogy of studies and
inspirations and activities of guarding sheep towards elements of
management as follow: 1. Pathfinding meaning looking for fertile meadow,
2. Directing looking for fertile meadow, 3. Controlling meaning to
control the sheep, thus they will not be lost or separate from their
flocks, 4. Protecting to protect the sheep from beast animals and
thieves, 5. Reflecting to reflect and contemplate among nature, mankind,
and God. And then, Trim (2009) claims that credibility and capability
of the Prophet exist in four important characters known as FAST (
Fathonah, Amanah, Shiddiq and
Tabligh)
perfected by istiqamah of the Prophet supported by Roziah Sidik who
states that the Prophet was a genius proved by his ability as a
politician, a war expert, a diplomat, a government, a genius, a citizen
planner, and a preacher.
The development history of Islam in all over the world is also
influenced by trading which makes the invasion of Islam becomes stronger
and beneficial. Many versions of history state that Islam had been
brought to Indonesia through trades from Gujarati and Arabian traders.
Next, one of the founders of the biggest Islamic organization in
Indonesia is KH. Ahmad Dahlan as the enlightenment and the founder of
Muhammdiyah also employed trades in strengthening the activities. KH.
Ahmad Dahlan not only developing his business but also became a teacher
who taught how to read the Holy Qur’an and he was also a
khatib,
an Islamic preacher. On trading he visited many towns in Indonesia. In
each of his trip he always conveyed the mission of Islamic values. (Een
Rochahen, 2011:1)
Based on the explanations above, it is obvious that education of
Islamic entrepreneurship has to be explored and enhanced as the way to
enhance the continuous productivity of people’s economics. Islamic
entrepreneurship had been epitomized actually by the Prophet, which has
been spread well to all over the world by the traders, thus now it
exists in Indonesia and this was also supported by founder of the
biggest Islamic organization.
The Pillar of Education on Islamic Organizations and Entrepreneurship Education
Indonesia’s the largest Muslim country, has many Islamic
organizations that have branches pgrosesif and proselytizing movement
from national to district and village level Such as Muhammadiyah, NU,
MUI, Persis, and others. This potential can be developed as a medium for
the propagation of Islamic faith, morals and independence of the people
in the context of Islamic economics to reduce poverty in Indonesia.
Islamic entrepreneurship education is the solution for creating
entrepreneur that will create jobs and improving the welfare of the
Ummah. In this model were emphasized to establish an entrepreneurial
Muslims because as a consequence of the role of entrepreneurs in the
development of people and the economic motor of the country based on
Islamic sharia fit that has been demonstrated by the prophet Muhammad.
It is in because of the number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia are still
few and of those few be reduced by a greedy entrepreneur.
As a good role model on Islamic education is of Mumammdiyah. where
the education here is very inspired of the founders of Muhammadiyah by
its founder, KH. Ahmad Dahlan and his objectives. The objectives of
Islamic Organisations are to spread the lesson of the Prophet through
educational institutions (from elementary to university), to held
meetings, religious gatherings,to establish religious contribution, to
build mosques, and to published books, brochures, newspapers, and
magazines. Special characteristic of Islamic Organizations is Islamic
identity. Educational base of Islamic Organizations is Islam which is
based on the Holy Qur’an and the Prophet’s As-Sunnah and the goal of to
create Muslim mankind.
Educational system in Islamic Organizations can be seen from
Data Amal Usaha
Islamic Organizations 2012 from the web of Muhammdiyah which
established and run, 4.623 playgroup/Qur’an-based playgroup, 2.604
Elementary School, 1.772 Junior High School, 1.143 Senior High School,
67 religious boarding school, 172 university dan 6.118 mosques. The
educational system has great potential to create independent young
generation that contributes to the number of educated unemployment in
Indonesia. Thus, seriousness and entrepreneurial education form are
needed in Islamic Organizations which can improve the way of thinking,
creativity, and entrepreneurship among young generations.
Entrepreneurial education is the way to enhance students’ potential
to be creative and able to notice any
opportunities and able to value
economical resources around their surroundings to be more valuable
things. Positive characters in entrepreneurial education will improve
young generation’s potential and independence in Indonesia.
Entrepreneurial education is in line with the objectives of National
Education System number 20, 2003 which is based on Pancasila and Basic
Constitution of Indonesia that state to develop students’ potential to
be faithful and pious mankind who believes in God, good characters,
healthy, educated, creative, independent and responsible.
Islamic Entrepreneurship Education (I’M EDU PROGRAM) :
Actualization of The Prophet’s Entrepreneurship in The Pillar of
Islamic Education
A. Model
Indonesia of Islamic Entrepreneurship Education shortened
I’m Edu Program
is actualization of the Prophet’s entrepreneurship in the pillar of
education on Islamic Organizations both formal education and non-formal
education. Entrepreneurship education is really important to be taught
because it will create creative and independent mankind. This Islamic
entrepreneurship education is an integrated way from elementary to
university with different objectives and learning plans.
Tabel 2. Entrepreneurship Education Program in Formal Education Level of Islamic Organizations
Education Level
|
Learning Activities
|
Learning outcome
|
| Elementary |
Handicrafts, extracurricular |
Being competent to be creative and honest |
| Junior High School |
Learning subjects, Handicrafts, extracurricular: Students’ Cooperation |
Being competent to be creative, confident, and trustworthy. |
| Senior High School |
Learning subjects, local subject, extracurricularr, reading of the Holy Qur’an, Islamic entrepreneurship. |
Being competent to be creative, have entrepreneurial knowledge and to be brave to establish small enterprises guilelessly. |
| University |
Subjects, Islamic Students’ Activities and Business which is in line with DIKTI program. |
Being competent to be creative, innovative, brave to take risks and to start establishing enterprises which based on syariah or Islamic-based. |
Source: a number of sources from the writer
Practical and implement entrepreneurship education in education
system of Islamic Organizations is given in senior high school,
university and Mosque Youth in the Islamic Organizations’ in Indonesia.
Entrepreneurship education program for Islamic Organizations’ youth in
senior high school level, university students, and mosque youth is
started by Economic Council of Islamic Organizations and its educational
section to activate the academicians in universities to optimize
tri dharma of
universities in education and citizen productivity by focusing on
Islamic entrepreneurship. This academy will contribute to senior high
school students and university students by giving knowledge of business
which is based on Islamic rules according to the Prophet, development of
business plan, training of entrepreneurial management, evaluation and
development strategy.
In the implementation phase of Islamic Organizations’ youth
entrepreneurship, their enterprises will be categorized into 5 people
with different background. In this phase they will be guided directly by
Islamic businessmen who have been successful and they are given a
chance to join internship in real business based on their interest.
After finishing the internship they will be guided to develop business
plan based on local potential and technology. In some business
categories
wakaf land including productive
wakaf agreement which are owned by
Amal Usaha Islamic Organizations
can be optimized as a land to be cultivated as agribusiness and the
products will be produced and sold in modern markets with technology
system.
The government’s supports can be done by having check-balance program from the institution and giving credits known as
KUR (Kredit Usaha Rakyat).
And then the Muslim businessmen who have been successful can give
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in order to develop productive
young generation in Islamic entrepreneurship education.
B. Implementation
The implementation program of “I’m Edu” can be established by
referring to the vision of education and economics based on Islamic
Organizations is crystallizing the local potential and technology for
Islamic entrepreneurship education in the pillar of education in Islamic
Organizations. The implementations as follow:
- Forging Islamic Entrepreneurship Education based on local potential
in the level of education in Islamic Organizations from elementary,
junior high school, senior high school, to university and community of
Islamic Organizations.
- Identifying local potential in the area in which Islamic
Organizations exists and it will be included into entrepreneurship
education curriculum.
- Training for Mentor addressed to teachers, lecturers, and Islamic figures who become the head of majelis ta’lim or
religious council, which will be the main point of entrepreneurship
education and it also should include practical learning by Islamic
businessmen.
- Implementing entrepreneurship education in the learning subjects,
extracurricular of Islamic entrepreneurship in senior high school and
subjects in university and also Islamic Students’ Activities in
university. Output program is creative entrepreneurs based on local
wisdom and islamic value.
- Religious gathering of entrepreneurship is started in mosques of Islamic Organizations.
- Training and implementing integrated program of “I’am Edu Program”
for students, college students, community of religious youth in
developing business plan, business management and practice of
enterprises.
- Evaluating and developing Islamic Entrepreneurship Education.
In the model solution in this paper will focus on the
entrepreneurship education In Islamic Organization to ummah
empowernment. Implementation is supported by entrepreneurship education
trough optimization of zakat, waqf and shodakoh for empowering the ummah
in the alleviation of poverty. Zakat as an instrument of distribution
of welfare is a significant instrument for the fulfillment of basic
needs of the poor coreligionists Chairman of the National Board of Amil
Zakat, Zakat Didin Hafidhuddin mention the potential national reach Rp.
213, 7 billion each year if calculated from the occupation of Indonesia
reached 250 million. collected only 10% of 2.2 trillion not to mention
the potential shodakoh as an instrument of distribution of welfare in
Islam. Then the potential of waqf as instrumentation for the economic
empowerment of the ummah In Indonesia.
Data waqf land Indonesia in 2011 reached 426 003 locations with an
area 3,492,045,373,754 square meters or 349,204,537 acres. And has
certified 282,321 locations and 132,396 locations not yet certified.
Thus, the land is still widely neglected. Then the potential endowments
tunia (productive) Ministry of Religious Affairs in 2007, never assume
if 40 Million Muslim waqf pay Rp 100,000.00 per year, it will be
collected the money from endowments amounting to Rp 400 billion. If
payment is increased to Rp 500,000.00 per year, the amount of funds that
will be collected sebeasr Rp 20 trillion. If the results of Islamic
banks around 10 percent, the value of the results that can be received
from the investment fund endowments is about 2 Billion/year. Number is
only estimated 40 million Muslim population of about 182 million Muslims
in Indonesia. It can be optimized Endowments economic assets that can
be developed for productive business media based on Islam who later
cooperation with BMT and Islamic banks to be SMEs for the poor and
unemployed.
C. Outcome Program
“I’m Edu” Program is a continuous model of Islamic entrepreneurship
education, thus it can increase the number of youth who become a
businessman and decrease the number of educated unemployment and young
generations in society:
- The program is designed by using triple heilx approach which
integrates between Muslim businessmen and government together to build
competence of young entrepreneurship in university and society.
- Produce competent young Islamic entrepreneurship that can be
independently and positively impact on the economic empowerment of the
people based on the nature of the FAST Prophet Muhammad.
- The program combines both Islamic entrepreneurship and technology
which are based on local potential designed by exploring local finance
and local strength existing in society.
- The program is not only business-oriented, but also it is
skills-oriented meaning that it trains students, college students, youth
to have soft-skills, therefore if they choose not to establish their
own enterprise, they have got enough self-development training.
Conclusion
Poverty and unemployment are the crucial problems that have to be
reduced as soon as possible. Educated unemployment becomes the focus of
the weak point of national independence. The Prophet’s entrepreneurship
education in school, university, and mosque of Islamic Organizations is
one of the solutions to create Muslim young generations who are
creative, independent, sensitive to their surroundings and useful for
other people by having strong foundation of FAST (
Fathonah, Amanah, Shiddiq dan Tabligh).
Young generations of Islamic Organizations will be the ambassador
independence in Indonesia and support Indonesia to be The Next Emerging
Country.
Recommendation
1) The program of entrepreneurship education will be successful
if the stakeholders in triple helix; Muslim academicians, goverment and
businessmen
together teach Islamic entrepreneurship holistically and establish business incubator and BMT in each mosque In Indonesia.
2) The need for synergy governments and Islamic organizations in
Indonesia to jointly develop the independence of the people, reduce
poverty and unemployment in the form of a joint program of sustainable
in Islamic entrepreneurship education. Government support in the form of
regulations, facilities and programs.
3) Good support from Indonesian government in seeking shodakoh,
waqf, infaq collection and more optimal funding trough channeled Islamic
organization in Indonesia which has a branch officials to the village
level in the form of productive empowerment programs.
Implication
This model of Islamic entrepreneurship education can be a suggestion
for the government to implement integrated and holistic entrepreneurship
education starting from education level to reach the objectives of
National Education. For international level, this model can be
transferred technology from developed countries and from Muslim
intellectuals who live overseas to accelerate new development of
technology-based entrepreneurship. This model can Implement Islamic
organization based on the education and empowerment of the people in his
preaching that exist elsewhere as the row so that the model of this
paper make trikle down effect for Muslims in Indonesia especially and
International.
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